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  • Writer's pictureRony Alfandary

Play in Psychotherapy (Hebrew)

Updated: Nov 5, 2020

This is a lecture I gave at various occasions. One of them was at the University of Haifa. I was invited by Prof. Rivka Yahav, the Director if the Inter-Disciplinary Centre (ICC), to give a talk at a conference about play in 2014.



Later, between 2018-2020, I was appointed to be the Director of the Psychotherapy Center at the ICC, a post I held for two years. During that time, I was supervising a team of senior psychotherapists and students as well as organizing and managing the Centre's diverse activities.



ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”


ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”- ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™-ื“ื™ื•, ื›ืคืืจืคืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืœื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืืคืชื— ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“, ืคืืจื‘ืจืŸ, ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื ื‘ื ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจืชืงื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื—ืง ืขื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉืื‘ ืžื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืข.

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ืง ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช (ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”) ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื“ ืฉืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ื’ื ืžืฆื‘ ื ืคืฉื™ state of mind . ืื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื™, ืคื’ื•ื ืื• ื—ืกื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงื˜ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื ื” (ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ืžืฆื™ื”) ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืœืื ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืจืืคืจืฆื™ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืื.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช primary creativity ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืฃ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื• ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”-ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.

ื‘ืžืืžืจื• the location of cultural experience ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜:

when we withness an infantโ€™s employment of a transitional object, the first not-me possession, we are witnessing both the childโ€™s first use of a symbol and the first experience of play.

ืžื”ื• ืื ื›ืš ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื ืจืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ? ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ืคื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื? ืื•, ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืขืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ื”ืขื“ืจื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ื”ื ื—ืชื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜,

"ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื—ืง ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื—ืง." (1971).

ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืืžื™ืจื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื ืืœื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืจื’ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคืจื“ื•ื›ืกืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืืจืกื•ื ืก, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ืงืื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืžืืžืจื• the logic of play ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืื ืงืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื:

"ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืชโ€ฆ ืชื“ืขื• ืœื›ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ."

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ. ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืžืฉื—ืง. ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืœืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื™ืœืจ ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“, ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืงืกืคืจืžื™ื ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ืฆืขื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื”. ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”, ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ื ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ืื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืœื•ื’ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืคื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจืœื™.

ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ -1933 : thinking is an experimental action carried out with small amounts of energy, in the same way as a general shifts small figures about a map before setting his large bodies of troops in motion

ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ -1936 : (ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœื™)

"ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืชื•ื‘ืก

ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืื‘ื“

ื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘, ืจื™ืชืžื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ื™

ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.

ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื• ืงื™ืกืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื•

ืœืžื•ืœ ืžืคื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช

ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ

ื™ื“ื• ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•.

ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืืจื•ืš ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉื ืžืขืœ ืœื–ืจื

ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื ื™ืฉืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืงื˜".

ืงื™ืกืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื”ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืช ืื•ื”ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘.

ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืจืžืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืงืจื‘ ื•ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืคื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื” ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืฉืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื›ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข.

ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘. ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื. ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื ื•ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื—ืœืงื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืงื ื™ ืฉืฉืืœ ืืช ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ืืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืกืขื“ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืžืจ: ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืชืขืžื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื– ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืคืืจืกื•ื ืก ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืืจื˜ื”. ื”ืชืืžื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ืช. ืœืคืชืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ื. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘: spirit no good! ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื›ื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืงืคื” ืจื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.

"ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœืจืฉื•ืชื›ื."

ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืงืจื˜ื” ื”ื ืœื ืงืจื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™. ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช. ื’ื ืงืจื˜ื”, ืื• ื›ืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ ืžื’ืข ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื’ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืืฃ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช. ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืจื“ื•ื›ืกืœื™. ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ื›ืกืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื: ื‘ืงืจื˜ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื“ื™ื”. ื–ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืžืงืœืงืœืช ืœื™ืœื“ ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ื” ืžื“ื™ ืืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื–ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื’ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฉื’ื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืงืจื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื—ื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ื›ืกืœื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื—ื™ืกืœื” ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื. ื ื•ืชืจื ื• ืœืœื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ืจืง ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืจืง ืขื ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืœื ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ื›ืก.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืžืืžืจื• โ€œthe observation of infants in a set situationโ€ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื›ืคื™ืช spatula . ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช consultations ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืš ื›ืจืคื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืคืืชื• ื‘ืคืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืฆืคื” ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื ื”ื›ืคื™ืช. ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืกื‘ืœ ืžื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืคืืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืŸ, ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ.

ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜:

" ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžืื“ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืฉื—ืง ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืื ืื ื• ื˜ืคืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื” ื•ืœืงืœืงืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืžืฉื—ืง."

ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ืื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™; ืื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง, ืื ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื; ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื. ืื ื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืช ืœืคื” ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื ืžืงืœืงืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™. ื”ื”ืื›ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื ื—ืฆื”, ืื–ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.

ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืชื•ืืจ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืชืืจืช ืื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืช ืชื”, ื”ืื™ืžื ืืจื’ื ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืชื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืกื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืข. "ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืคืœืฉื” ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืœืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”".

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ. ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื ื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืืจืกื•ื ืก.

ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉืจื”, ื”ื ืื‘ืงืช ืขื ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืจืžื™ืช. ื“ืื’ืชื” ื”ืžืขื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคืช. ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ื™ืื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืื ื˜ื™ ืชื–ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขื ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื•ื”ืœื ืื›ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื” ื‘ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžืžื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืืžืจื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืš. ื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”.

ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืง ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ืœื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื–ืขืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข. ื™ืื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืชื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืจืืชื” ืืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ืฉืื” ืขื™ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืœื ืื– ื“ืจืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ื›ืœ ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ืจืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจืกื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“: "ืืชื” ื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ื” ืืชืš?" ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื ืชืงืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.

ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื’ืข ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ืื—ืจืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืชืืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• conflict free zone ืื• observing ego ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.

ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืกื•ืŸ, ืื ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’,ืฉ ืฆืคื” ื‘1955- ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืืš ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื›ืš: "ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืกืžืœื•ืช".

ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ื˜ืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืจืฆื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ืจืฆื—ื ื™ืช. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื›ื— ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืจื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื—ืช ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ ืื ื“ืžืืŸ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื›ืกื™. ืืš ืžื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืื– ื˜ื›ืก ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงืจื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื˜ื›ืก ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื.

ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜. ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉืจื” ื—ืฉืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื”. ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•. ืืš ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸplay ืœ- playfulness. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื™ื“ืข ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”. ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื˜ื”, ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•.

ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืคื’ื•ืข ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ืื ืžื” ืฉืฉืจื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ, ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืชื”. ืœื ืœื—ื™ื ื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื‘ื—ื ืชื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืงื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืœื ืฉืฉื ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื”. ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื ื™ื— ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ืข, ืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืข.

ืื—ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ, ืœื ืœืฉืœื ื•ื›ื•ืœื™

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืœื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื•ืจื“.

ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ, ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื›ืŸ ืชืจืื” ื›ื”ืจื•ืกื” ื•ืื– ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื ืืœืฅ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืกืขืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืจืขื”.

ืžื”ื• ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก?

ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืจืŸ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”: ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ืฉืงืจื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจืŸ. ืื ื–ื” ืฉืงืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืงืจื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืงืจืŸ. ืžื” ืฉืฉืงืจื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจื™. ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื›ืš ืฉืฉืงืจื™ื•ืชื” ืื• ืืžื™ืชื•ืชื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื”.

ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื”. ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื›ืžื•: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชืš ื›ืžื• ืืช ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืก ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืืš ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืคืจืฉื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื”, ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืžืจื”, ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื•. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.

ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื–ืืช ื•ื™ืœืžื“ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืคื—ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื•.

ื’ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืคื•ื™. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื’ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื. ืงืจืื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ "ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืจื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ".

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืคืืจืกื•ื ืก ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.

ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื.

ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ื”ืจื•ืื™ ื•ื—ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงื”.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื; ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืœืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ืืฉืžื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”; ื‘ืžื•ืขืงืช ืžืฉืงืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ; ื•ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื‘ืชื• ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฆ

"โ€ฆืœื—ืคืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ืโ€ฆ. ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ืœื ืœื•ืงื— ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืชื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื–ื”. ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืื ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืš ืœื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช."

ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ื— ืžื ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืžืžื•ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ื”. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืš ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช; ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืš ืœื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™; ืื• ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ืœืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื ื›ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื.

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืŸ 30. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืื™ืžื• ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืžืื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ื›ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื•ืœื ืœื ืžืจืื” ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืขื“ ื–ืจื ืืช ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื• ื•ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ. ื ืžืืก ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื—ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืืžืฅ ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ืขื ืง ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™.

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื›ืœืœื• ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื ืžืื“ ื ื”ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื™ื›ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืช, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืช. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืžืขื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”.

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืคื—ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื–ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื ื•, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžืช. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืชื” ืื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื›ืืœ ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื ื.

ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื. ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ.

ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช. ืฉืจื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืคื—ื“ ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืชืช ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืขืก ืฉืœื”. ื›ืš ืžืฆื ืœืื™ื˜ื• ื”ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.

ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื”ื™ื ืจืชื—ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืžื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื ืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื›ืžื™ื”ืชื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ืžืžื ื” ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืืจื›ืื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืกืš ื‘ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืคื ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง.

ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืฉืืœืชื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืœื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืจืฆืชื” ื•ื’ื ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื™ืฉืชื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืืฉืชื•, ืืœื ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื•.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืฉืืจื” ื—ื“ื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืงืคืง ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.

ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช: ื‘ืื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื”? ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืืœืชื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘. ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœื” ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืžืจ: ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื›ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืจืืชื” ืžื•ืคืชืขืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง. ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืกืœื•. ื”ืื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืจื’ืข ืžืœื ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื›ื–ื”, ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื›ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืžื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.

ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง play ื•- games.ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ games ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ. ืœื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง: ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ืชื™ืงื•. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื•. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉ- games ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ play ืืš ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ื“ืขื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ game ืžืื“ ืœื ื ืขื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข, ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช. ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜: ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.

ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืจื’ืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 9 ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืืœื™ ืขื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžืื™ืžื• ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื• ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืื™ืžื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื›ื›ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืคื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืื ื™ ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ืืชื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื’ื“ื™. ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจ, ืžืชื™ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืข ื’ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื—, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื™. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืžื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืžื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื, ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉื ืžืืก ืœื• ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืื™ืžื ืฉืœื• ืชื‘ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืชื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”! ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืืžืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจืข ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื’ื‘ื• ืืœื™. ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ื• ื•ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ืกืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ื–ื—ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืœื˜ ืžืžื ื™, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืคืื ื™ืงื”. ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืœ, ืœื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื˜ืจืื ืคืจื ืก ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื™ ื’ืจืžืชื™ ืœื•. ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช: ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืขื” ื•ืื™ืžื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืชืžืฆื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”? ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื”, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคืจืกื•ื ืก ืžืชืืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืฉื‘ืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ืคืืจื“ื•ืงืก, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื ื ืขื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื•.

ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžืฉ ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“, ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ ื•ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”, ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืืœื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื ืืชื™. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ืžืืก ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื” ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืืช ืื•ืชื™. ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืืฉื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง ืฉืœืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคื”, ืœืงื— ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื“ ืื—ืจืช ืฉื’ื ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืชื™ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื”. ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ืœืจื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง. ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื ื”.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืืฉ ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”, ืคื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ื ืžืžื ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคื”. ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืชื•, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืœื ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉื’ื ื”ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืžืื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืืชื™ ื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืืœืžื ื˜ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืคื ื™ืงื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื”ืืœืžื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.

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